Gene transfer Prokaryotic and viral DNA

Transformation to Eukaryotes

Natural and Sexual selection

Types of Selection

Genetic Drift

The Founder Effect

Gene transfer

Evolution refers to the changes over time experienced by living things, associated with genomic variation. The genetic material embodied by DNA transcends organisms in a few ways.

One of them is vertical inheritance from parents to offspring via asexual or sexual reproduction. Another path is horizontal transmission between unrelated individuals, as seen between bacteria that exchange antibiotic resistance genes through the sharing of their plasmids.

• Genetic variation in bacteria in the context of evolution of antibiotic resistance is a good case study.

(1) Genetic – why? All of the characteristics of bacterial organisms are a result of the blueprint for the various proteins coded in their DNA, the same DNA that all life has on Earth (except for the specific base sequence). Genetic simply means arising from DNA.

(2) Variation – bacteria have variation? Who would have thought? I mean, I always thought they were just a bunch of tiny hot dogs without the sausage in the middle, hanging around causing trouble. Well, I found out, no, they’re not hot dogs. They’re beautiful organisms in their own right, and if it wasn’t for our inherent bias of being on the receiving end of their infection, they wouldn’t be baddies. They could be heroes. In fact, some of them are heroes! Some bacteria do contribute positively to our life. The undeniable evidence for that is pickles.

(1+2) So, the variation is genetic.

(3) Bacteria – why bacteria? Due to bacteria being a common cause of disease, as well as their fast life cycle, they are a good case study for explaining selection and resistance. This is done in the light of antibiotic resistance. Things are complicated on Earth; antibiotics literally murder bacteria in a very efficient way. What could go wrong?

As generations of bacteria come to life, their DNA doesn’t stay completely identical. Random mutations sometimes arise. Mutations are changes in DNA which result in different characteristics. No, not bacteria with fangs, but subtle changes in, say, the shape of a certain protein which sits on the cell wall. These mutations and the bacteria don’t “know” which, or if, these changes will turn out favourable or unfavourable. This depends on their environment. Some mutations may even be irrelevant or neutral.

The key point is that sometimes, some bacteria develop mutations which just so happen to give them resistance to an antibiotic.

This resistance, being genetic, is passed on to the offspring by vertical….