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If you’re a subscriber (hi there, yay!) you can access the full content via Search or Courses.ย If not you can sign up to full access here.ย ๐ Carbohydrates (Edexcel) ๐ฆ Lipids (Edexcel) ๐ฏ Proteins (Edexcel) ๐งฌ DNA and Protein Synthesis (Edexcel) ๐ Enzymes ๐ง Inorganic Ions (Edexcel) ๐ Water (Edexcel) ๐ฅฏ Carbohydrates (AQA) ๐ฌ Monomers and Polymers ๐ฅ Lipids (AQA) ๐ Proteins (AQA) ๐ฅ Many proteins are enzymes ๐งฌ Structure of DNA and RNA ๐พ Replication of DNA ๐ด ATP (AQA) ๐คฝ Water (AQA) ๐ง Inorganic Ions (AQA) ๐งช Practical skills assessed in a written examination ๐ฅผ Practical skills assessed in the practical endorsement ๐งฌ The structure of DNA ๐ Replication of DNA ๐ง Control of gene expression ๐ช Cellular differentiation ๐ The structure of the genome ๐ฉ Mutations ๐ฅ Evolution ๐ Genomic sequencing ๐งซ Laboratory techniques for biologists ๐ฅ Proteins (Scottish Advanced Higher) ๐ฎ Membrane proteins โก Detecting and amplifying an environmental stimulus ๐ Communication within multicellular organisms โ Protein control of cell division ๐ Cellular Respiration ๐งน Metabolism and exercise ๐ถ Fertility and assisted reproduction ๐จโ๐ฆ The effects of ageing on the reproductive system ๐ฟ Photosynthesis, food production and management of the environment ๐จโ๐จโ๐ง The impact of population increase ๐ Plant reproduction ๐ฉ Aerobic Respiration ๐ง Glycolysis ๐ฐ Link reaction and Krebs cycle ๐ฅค Oxidative Phosphorylation ๐ป Anaerobic Respiration ๐ Photosynthetic pigments ๐ฆ๏ธ Photosynthesis (Edexcel) ๐ช Respiration ๐ Energy and Ecosystems ๐ง๏ธ Nutrient cycles (AQA) ๐ค Pathogens ๐โโ๏ธ Lifestyle ๐ฅฃ The Digestive System ๐ก๏ธ Enzyme Action ๐ Carbohydrate Digestion ๐งซ Cells ๐ Plasma Membranes ๐ Diffusion ๐ Osmosis ๐ Active Transport ๐ Absorption ๐ฆ Cholera ๐ค Lung Function ๐ฌ The Biological Basis of Lung Disease ๐ Heart Structure and Function ๐ The Biological Basis of Heart Disease ๐จโ๐ฉโ๐ฆ Inheritance โ๏ธ Survival and Response ๐ฅฉ The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction ๐ Genetic Variation in Bacteria ๐ฆ Species Diversity ๐พ Index of Diversity ๐ต Populations and Ecosystems ๐ฆ Investigating Populations ๐ Variation in Population Size ๐ Human Populations ๐ฆต ATP ๐ Photosynthesis (AQA) ๐ป Light-dependent Reaction ๐ Investigating Variation ๐ Light-independent Reaction ๐ฑ Energy and Food Production โ๏ธ Nutrient Cycles ๐ณ Succession ๐ฆ Selection ๐ช Muscles as Effectors ๐ฅต Temperature Control โฐ Control of Mammalian Oestrus ๐งฌ The Genetic Code โ๏ธ Principles (Negative Feedback) ๐ Gene Therapy ๐ Gene Mutation ๐๏ธ Polypeptide Synthesis ๐งซ Cell Differentiation ๐ค Gas Exchange ๐ Mass Transport ๐ฃ๏ธ The Blood System ๐ด The Passage of Water Through a Plant ๐ฏ Principles of Taxonomy ๐ Genetic Comparisons ๐ Courtship Behaviour ๐ค๏ธ Causes of Variation ๐งฌ Structure of DNA ๐๏ธ Genes and Polypeptides ๐งฌ DNA and Chromosomes ๐งซ Meiosis ๐ท๏ธ Genetic Diversity โ๏ธ (Plant) Cells ๐ฌ Mitosis ๐งซ Cell Cycle ๐ Principles of Immunology ๐ก๏ธ Limiting Factors ๐ฟ Energy Transfer ๐งฌ Nitrogen ๐งโโ๏ธ Speciation ๐ Principles (Coordination) ๐ Principles (Homeostasis) ๐ง Human brain structure and function ๐จ Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems ๐ฎ Hypothalamus ๐ Sensory and motor areas in the cortex ๐ฌ Language and speech ๐ฅผ Brain study techniques ๐ถ Brain development and neuroplasticity ๐ญ Gene expression and the brain ๐ป Reflex, taxis and kinesis ๐ก Learned behaviour ๐ Transgenic animals and plants โ Photosynthesis (Edexcel) ๐จโ๐ป Bioinformatics โ๏ธ The compensation point ๐ Animal behaviour ๐งช Antibody techniques ๐จโโ๏ธ Effects of tobacco smoking ๐ Ethology ๐งซ Cytometry and bacterial growth ๐คก RNA interference (RNAi) ๐ฆด Osteoporosis ๐ Biopharming ๐ฆ Gram positive and gram negative bacteria ๐ง Inorganic Ions (WJEC) ๐ Water (WJEC) ๐ฏ Carbohydrate structure and function (WJEC) ๐ Starch, Cellulose and Chitin ๐ฆ Lipids (WJEC) ๐๏ธ Protein Structure ๐ช Aerobic respiration and photosynthesis: ATP production ๐ฅค Water (CCEA) ๐ง Inorganic Ions (CCEA) ๐ Carbohydrates (CCEA) ๐๏ธ Haemoglobin ๐ฌ Monomers and Polymers ๐ฅ Lipids (CCEA) ๐ Proteins (CCEA) ๐งฌ DNA ๐งซ DNA Replication ๐คน Negative Feedback ๐ฅค Kidney Function ๐ฌ Structure of eukaryotic cells ๐ฆ Structure of Prokaryotic Cells and of Viruses ๐ฌ Methods of studying cells ๐งซ All cells arise from other cells ๐ Transport across cell membranes ๐ฎโโ๏ธ Cell recognition and the immune system ๐ฌ Cells and microscopy ๐ Water and its importance in plants and animals ๐บ Proteins and Enzymes ๐งฌ Nucleic Acids ๐ The heart and monitoring heart function ๐ Transport systems in mammals ๐ค Gas exchange in mammals and plants ๐ฒ Transport systems in plants โ๏ธ Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structure and function ๐ธ Viruses ๐ถ Sexual reproduction in mammals ๐น Sexual reproduction in plants ๐ ๏ธ Metabolic pathways and their control ๐ฅ Cell respiration ๐ญ Metabolic rate ๐ฆ Metabolism in conformers and regulators ๐ป Metabolism and adverse conditions ๐งซ Environmental control of metabolism ๐งฌ Genetic control of metabolism โ ๏ธ Ethical considerations in the use of microorganisms โ hazards and control of risks ๐ฎ Patterns of inheritance ๐ฆ Population genetics and epigenetics ๐งช Gene technologies (OCR) ๐ง The nervous system and the identification and consequences of damage ๐๏ธ Monitoring visual function ๐ข The effect of ageing on the nervous system โ๏ธ The principles and importance of homeostasis (AQA) ๐ฉโโ๏ธ The hormonal control of blood glucose and the management of diabetes ๐จโโ๏ธ Kidney functions and malfunctions ๐ฆ Field techniques for biologists ๐ Organisms ๐ถ Variation and sexual reproduction ๐ฆ Sex and behaviour (Scottish Advanced Higher) ๐ฆ Parasitism ๐งซ Microbial Techniques ๐ฆ Bacteria as pathogens ๐ Antibiotics (Edexcel) ๐ก๏ธ Antibiotic Resistance ๐ Other pathogenic agents ๐ Problems of controlling endemic diseases ๐จ Response to infection โ๏ธ Survival and response (AQA) โ๏ธ Receptors ๐ฐ Control of Heart Rate ๐น Nerve Impulses ๐ Synaptic Transmission ๐ช Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as effectors โ๏ธ Principles of homeostasis and negative feedback ๐ฉ Control of Blood Glucose Concentration ๐ฅค Control of blood water potential โ๏ธ Principles of immunity (CCEA) ๐ฅ Transplantation and immunosuppression โ๏ธ Eukaryotic Cells ๐ฆ Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses ๐ฌ Cell differences and microscopy ๐ฅผ Organisation under the microscope: cells, tissues, organs ๐งช Enzyme Structure ๐ฅ Enzyme Function ๐ Immobilised enzymes in biotech ๐ Photosynthesis โ Light-Dependent Reaction (WJEC) ๐ Light-Independent Reaction (WJEC) ๐ก๏ธ Limiting factors in photosynthesis ๐ฑ Fertilisers ๐งซ The developing cell: cell division and cell differentiation ๐ค The developing individual: meiosis, growth and development ๐ The development of species: evolution and classification ๐ฆ Pathogenic microorganisms ๐ก๏ธ The immune system (OCR) โ๏ธ Controlling communicable diseases ๐งซ The cellular basis of cancer and treatment ๐ฅ Respiratory diseases and treatment ๐ต Classification ๐ Natural selection ๐ Biodiversity (Edexcel) ๐ Social groups ๐ Insect social structure ๐ฆ Dominance hierarchies in vertebrates ๐ Courtship behaviour and sexual selection ๐ป The genetic code (CCEA) ๐๏ธ Polypeptide synthesis (CCEA) ๐ง Epigenetics (CCEA) ๐งฌ Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ๐ฅผ DNA probes, microarrays and genetic fingerprinting ๐งช Gene cloning ๐ Biomes ๐๏ธ Deforestation ๐ก๏ธ Environmental protection ๐งฐ Functions of the liver ๐ถ Neural development ๐ Primates ๐ฉบ Downโs syndrome, Turnerโs syndrome and Klinefelterโs syndrome ๐ช Family trees (pedigree) ๐ Gas exchange in fish ๐ฆ Outline of the plant and animal kingdoms ๐งช Proteins as infectious agents ย ๐ Size and Surface Area ๐ค Gas exchange (AQA) ๐ช Digestion and absorption ๐ Mass transport in animals ๐ด Mass transport in plants ๐พ Food supply, plant growth and productivity ๐ Plant and animal breeding ๐ฟ Crop protection ๐ Animal welfare ๐ Symbiosis ๐ Social behaviour ๐จ Mass extinction and biodiversity โ ๏ธ Threats to biodiversity ๐ Scientific principles and process ๐งช Experimentation ๐ญ Critical evaluation of biological research ๐ฉโ๐ง Inheritance (AQA) ๐ The Hardy-Weinberg Principle (AQA) ๐ Evolution may lead to speciation ๐บ Populations in ecosystems (AQA) ๐งฌ Using gene sequencing ๐ฎ Factors affecting gene expression ๐งซ Stem Cells ๐ฅผ Gene Technology (Edexcel) ๐ต Plant hormones ๐ง Neurones ๐ Action potential ๐ Synapse (CCEA) ๐ Mammalian vision ๐ฅ Muscle contraction ๐ Plasma membranes (WJEC) ๐ Passive Transport โ๏ธ Active Transport (WJEC) ๐๏ธ Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle โ๏ธ Lipids and amino acids in respiration ๐ฌ Structure of bacteriophage and of HIV ๐ Surface area to volume ratio (Edexcel) ๐ Cell transport mechanisms โ๏ธ Gas exchange (Edexcel) ๐๏ธ Circulation ๐ Transport of gases in the blood ๐ด๐ฟ Transport of materials between the circulatory system and cells ๐ณ Transport in plants (Edexcel) ๐งฌ DNA, genes and chromosomes ๐๏ธ DNA and protein synthesis (AQA) ๐ต Genetic diversity can arise as a result of mutation or during meiosis ๐ธ Genetic diversity and adaptation ๐ฆ Species and taxonomy ๐ฆ Biodiversity within a community ๐งช Investigating diversity ๐ฒ Origins of genetic variation ๐ฟ Transfer or genetic information ๐ป Gene Pools (Edexcel) ๐ Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins โ๏ธ Most of a Cellโs DNA is not Translated ๐ฎ Regulation of Transcription and Translation ๐งซ Gene expression and cancer ๐ Using genome projects ๐จ Recombinant DNA Technology ๐ Differences in DNA between individuals of the same species can be exploited for identification and diagnosis of heritable conditions ๐งช Genetic Fingerprinting (AQA) ๐ผ Enzyme structure and action ๐ก๏ธ Factors affecting enzyme function ๐ฅค Immobilised enzymes in industry โ๏ธ Cell Structure ๐ Plasma Membranes (CCEA) ๐ Microscopy ๐ฆ Bacterial classification ๐งซ Culturing microorganisms ๐ฌ Optimising and analysing growth ๐คน Homeostasis ๐ฅฐ Chemical Control in Mammals ๐ฑ Chemical Control in Plants ๐ง Structure and function of the mammalian nervous system ๐ช Nervous transmission ๐ Effects of drugs on the nervous system ๐๏ธ Detection of light by mammals ๐ Control of heart rate in mammals ๐ง Osmoregulation and temperature regulation ๐ The nature of ecosystems ๐พ Energy transfer through ecosystems ๐ฅ Changes in ecosystems ๐ Human effects on ecosystems ๐ง Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis ๐ Active Transport (CCEA) โ๏ธ ATP (WJEC) ๐งฌ DNA Structure (WJEC) ๐พ DNA Replication (WJEC) ๐๏ธ The genetic code (WJEC) ๐๏ธ Polypeptide synthesis and processing ๐ Population growth (WJEC) โ๏ธ Sampling Organisms ๐จ๏ธ Ecosystems ๐ Biomass transfer ๐ณ Succession (WJEC) ๐ฆ Nutrient Cycles (WJEC) ๐ญ Carbon Cycles (WJEC) ๐ฉ๏ธ Nitrogen Cycles (WJEC) ๐ถ Cell Cycle (CCEA) ๐งฌ Chromosomes ๐ฌ Mitosis (CCEA) ๐ญ Meiosis (CCEA) ๐ฌ Cell Cycle (WJEC) ๐ฑ Mitosis (WJEC) ๐ Meiosis (WJEC) โฐ๏ธ Species Extinction ๐ฉโโ๏ธ Gene therapy (CCEA) ๐ฅ๏ธ Genome sequencing โ๏ธ Ethics and safety of gene technology ๐ถ๐พ Inheritance (CCEA) ๐ฒ Sex determination and sex linkage ๐ฎ Genetic interactions and properties ๐ฑ Gene pools (CCEA) ๐ฐ Hardy-Weinberg principle (CCEA) ๐ญ Causes of variation (CCEA) ๐ท๏ธ Selection (CCEA) ๐ฆ Chordata (e.g. cat) body form ๐ Integrated pest management ๐ Interpreting heart function data ๐ Origin of life โ End-product inhibition ๐ด Training and supplements ๐ฅผ Instruments and equipment ๐ฅจ Nervous and hormonal control of digestion โ๏ธ Penicillin and tetracycline ๐ฉบ Fighting viruses ๐ฝ Gene pool conservation ๐ฅช Agriculture ๐ณ๏ธ Politics and the environment ๐ Planetary boundaries ๐ณ Homeostasis and negative feedback (WJEC) ๐ฅค Mammalian kidney structure and function ๐จโโ๏ธ Kidney failure ๐ซ Cell Specialisation โ๏ธ Ileum structure and function ๐งฝ Absorption by the epithelium ๐ Structure and function of a mesophytic leaf ๐ Classification of organisms ๐ Kingdoms: Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia ๐พ Genetic fingerprinting (WJEC) ๐จ Biodiversity (WJEC) ๐ฆ Measuring biodiversity and natural selection ๐๏ธ Adaptation ๐โโ๏ธ Response to stimuli and the spinal cord ๐ด Nerve impulses and the motor neurone ๐ Synapse (WJEC) ๐ฆ Gas Exchange Adaptations ๐ Insect and fish gas exchange ๐ค Human gas exchange ๐ Structure of the angiosperm leaf ๐ซ Surface area to volume ratio (CCEA) โ๏ธ Mass transport (CCEA) โ๏ธ Gas Exchange (CCEA) ๐ฒ Transport in plants (CCEA) ๐ Mammalian circulation (CCEA) ๐ Mammalian heart ๐ฆ Blood and tissue fluid ๐ค Blood clotting ๐ Haemoglobin (CCEA) ๐ฑ Ovary, testis, oogenesis and spermatogenesis ๐ถ Menstruation, gestation and lactation ๐ Earthworm, insect, fish and mammal vascular systems ๐ Mammalian circulation (WJEC) ๐ Haemoglobin (WJEC) ๐ Tissue fluid ๐พ Plant transport ๐ต Adaptation to the environment ๐ Population distribution ๐ฆ Diversity Amongst Organisms ๐ Measuring Diversity ๐ Taxonomy ๐ The Five Kingdoms ๐ณ Human environmental impact ๐ Supporting biodiversity ๐ผ Flowers, pollen and ovules ๐ Pollination and double-fertilisation ๐ฅ Seed, fruit, germination and the hormone gibberellin ๐ฎ Types of nutrition ๐ฌ Unicellular nutrition in Amoeba and multicellular nutrition in Hydra ๐คค Human gut adaptations and digestion ๐ Herbivore and carnivore adaptations ๐ง Parasites (WJEC) ๐ธ Alleles and Mendelian inheritance ๐ Chi squared test โ๏ธ Sex linkage in haemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy ๐งฌ Gene mutation in sickle cell anaemia and chromosome mutation in Downโs syndrome โ๏ธ Mutagens, carcinogens and oncogenes ๐น๏ธ Epigenetics ๐งฌ Causes of variation between individuals ๐งฐ Gene pool (WJEC) ๐ The Hardy-Weinberg principle (WJEC) ๐ Speciation and natural selection ๐งช Population growth (CCEA) ๐ณ Communities and ecosystems ๐ฆ Succession (CCEA) ๐ Energy transfer (CCEA) ๐ญ Carbon cycle (CCEA) โ๏ธ Nitrogen cycle (CCEA) ๐ข Human Genome Project and its implications ๐งช PCR, gel electrophoresis and GMOs ๐ฅ Genomics, gene therapy and stem cells ๐ค Pathogens (WJEC) ๐ฆ Cholera (WJEC) ๐ง Tuberculosis ๐ Smallpox ๐ก๏ธ Influenza ๐ฆ Malaria ๐พ Virus pathogenicity and mode of reproduction โ ๏ธ Antibiotics (WJEC) ๐ก๏ธ Immune System (WJEC) ๐ Vaccination โ๏ธ ATP (CCEA) ๐บ Aerobic and anaerobic respiration ๐โโ๏ธ Structure of cartilage ๐ฆด Bone components and their function ๐จโโ๏ธ Bone disease ๐ฅฉ Skeletal muscle ๐ฌ Sliding filament theory ๐ท Muscle contraction fuels and conditions ๐ The skeleton and fractures ๐ฉโโ๏ธ Vertebrae and deformities โ๏ธ Skeleton function ๐ฆต Joint types ๐จโโ๏ธ Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis ๐ช Joints as levers ๐ Synovial joint structure ๐๏ธ Forelimb muscle action and the role of tendons ๐ค๏ธ Overview ๐ Light-dependent reaction (CCEA) ๐ Light-independent reaction (CCEA) ๐ Limiting factors (CCEA) ๐ Carbohydrates ๐ด Speciation (CCEA) ๐ฟ Bryophyta (e.g. moss) form and adaptations ๐ Tracheophyta (e.g. fern) form ๐น Angiosperm (e.g. flowering plant) form and adaptations โญ Cnidaria (e.g. Hydra) body form ๐ Platyhelminthes (e.g. flatworm) body form ๐ Annelida (e.g. earthworm) body form ๐ Arthropoda (e.g. insect) body form ๐งญ Patterns of evolution ๐ Pollination and fertilisation ๐ป Research and referencing ๐ Visualising DNA with gel electrophoresis ๐โโ๏ธ Movement and locomotion ๐งซ Culturing media ๐งช Affinity chromatography ๐บ Classical and operant conditioning ๐ tRNA (Transfer RNA) ๐ Age-related vision loss ๐ Environmental effects on genes