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Carbohydrates (Edexcel) Lipids (Edexcel) Proteins (Edexcel) DNA and Protein Synthesis (Edexcel) Enzymes Inorganic Ions (Edexcel) Water (Edexcel) Carbohydrates (AQA) Monomers and Polymers Lipids (AQA) Proteins (AQA) Many proteins are enzymes Structure of DNA and RNA Replication of DNA ATP (AQA) Water (AQA) Inorganic Ions (AQA) Practical skills assessed in a written examination Practical skills assessed in the practical endorsement The structure of DNA Replication of DNA Control of gene expression Cellular differentiation The structure of the genome Mutations Evolution Genomic sequencing Laboratory techniques for biologists Proteins (Scottish Advanced Higher) Membrane proteins ⚡ Detecting and amplifying an environmental stimulus Communication within multicellular organisms ➗ Protein control of cell division Cellular Respiration Metabolism and exercise Fertility and assisted reproduction The effects of ageing on the reproductive system Photosynthesis, food production and management of the environment The impact of population increase Plant reproduction Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Link reaction and Krebs cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation Anaerobic Respiration Photosynthetic pigments Photosynthesis (Edexcel) Respiration Energy and Ecosystems Nutrient cycles (AQA) Pathogens Lifestyle The Digestive System Enzyme Action Carbohydrate Digestion Cells Plasma Membranes Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport Absorption Cholera Lung Function The Biological Basis of Lung Disease Heart Structure and Function The Biological Basis of Heart Disease Inheritance ☀️ Survival and Response The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Genetic Variation in Bacteria Species Diversity Index of Diversity Populations and Ecosystems Investigating Populations Variation in Population Size Human Populations ATP Photosynthesis (AQA) Light-dependent Reaction Investigating Variation Light-independent Reaction Energy and Food Production ⛈️ Nutrient Cycles Succession Selection Muscles as Effectors Temperature Control ⏰ Control of Mammalian Oestrus The Genetic Code ⚖️ Principles (Negative Feedback) Gene Therapy Gene Mutation Polypeptide Synthesis Cell Differentiation Gas Exchange Mass Transport The Blood System The Passage of Water Through a Plant Principles of Taxonomy Genetic Comparisons Courtship Behaviour Causes of Variation Structure of DNA Genes and Polypeptides DNA and Chromosomes Meiosis Genetic Diversity ☘️ (Plant) Cells Mitosis Cell Cycle Principles of Immunology Limiting Factors Energy Transfer Nitrogen Speciation Principles (Coordination) Principles (Homeostasis) Human brain structure and function Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Hypothalamus Sensory and motor areas in the cortex Language and speech Brain study techniques Brain development and neuroplasticity Gene expression and the brain Reflex, taxis and kinesis Learned behaviour Transgenic animals and plants ⛅ Photosynthesis (Edexcel) Bioinformatics ⚖️ The compensation point Animal behaviour Antibody techniques Effects of tobacco smoking Ethology Cytometry and bacterial growth RNA interference (RNAi) Osteoporosis Biopharming Gram positive and gram negative bacteria Inorganic Ions (WJEC) Water (WJEC) Carbohydrate structure and function (WJEC) Starch, Cellulose and Chitin Lipids (WJEC) Protein Structure Aerobic respiration and photosynthesis: ATP production Water (CCEA) Inorganic Ions (CCEA) Carbohydrates (CCEA) Haemoglobin Monomers and Polymers Lipids (CCEA) Proteins (CCEA) DNA DNA Replication Negative Feedback Kidney Function Structure of eukaryotic cells Structure of Prokaryotic Cells and of Viruses Methods of studying cells All cells arise from other cells Transport across cell membranes Cell recognition and the immune system Cells and microscopy Water and its importance in plants and animals Proteins and Enzymes Nucleic Acids The heart and monitoring heart function Transport systems in mammals Gas exchange in mammals and plants Transport systems in plants ⚙️ Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structure and function Viruses Sexual reproduction in mammals Sexual reproduction in plants Metabolic pathways and their control Cell respiration Metabolic rate Metabolism in conformers and regulators Metabolism and adverse conditions Environmental control of metabolism Genetic control of metabolism ⚠️ Ethical considerations in the use of microorganisms — hazards and control of risks Patterns of inheritance Population genetics and epigenetics Gene technologies (OCR) The nervous system and the identification and consequences of damage Monitoring visual function The effect of ageing on the nervous system ⚖️ The principles and importance of homeostasis (AQA) The hormonal control of blood glucose and the management of diabetes Kidney functions and malfunctions Field techniques for biologists Organisms Variation and sexual reproduction Sex and behaviour (Scottish Advanced Higher) Parasitism Microbial Techniques Bacteria as pathogens Antibiotics (Edexcel) Antibiotic Resistance Other pathogenic agents Problems of controlling endemic diseases Response to infection ☀️ Survival and response (AQA) ☝️ Receptors Control of Heart Rate Nerve Impulses Synaptic Transmission Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as effectors ⚖️ Principles of homeostasis and negative feedback Control of Blood Glucose Concentration Control of blood water potential ⚔️ Principles of immunity (CCEA) Transplantation and immunosuppression ⚙️ Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses Cell differences and microscopy Organisation under the microscope: cells, tissues, organs Enzyme Structure Enzyme Function Immobilised enzymes in biotech Photosynthesis ⛅ Light-Dependent Reaction (WJEC) Light-Independent Reaction (WJEC) Limiting factors in photosynthesis Fertilisers The developing cell: cell division and cell differentiation The developing individual: meiosis, growth and development The development of species: evolution and classification Pathogenic microorganisms The immune system (OCR) ⚔️ Controlling communicable diseases The cellular basis of cancer and treatment Respiratory diseases and treatment Classification Natural selection Biodiversity (Edexcel) Social groups Insect social structure Dominance hierarchies in vertebrates Courtship behaviour and sexual selection The genetic code (CCEA) Polypeptide synthesis (CCEA) Epigenetics (CCEA) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA probes, microarrays and genetic fingerprinting Gene cloning Biomes Deforestation Environmental protection Functions of the liver Neural development Primates Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome Family trees (pedigree) Gas exchange in fish Outline of the plant and animal kingdoms Proteins as infectious agents Size and Surface Area Gas exchange (AQA) Digestion and absorption Mass transport in animals Mass transport in plants Food supply, plant growth and productivity Plant and animal breeding Crop protection Animal welfare Symbiosis Social behaviour Mass extinction and biodiversity ☠️ Threats to biodiversity Scientific principles and process Experimentation Critical evaluation of biological research Inheritance (AQA) The Hardy-Weinberg Principle (AQA) Evolution may lead to speciation Populations in ecosystems (AQA) Using gene sequencing Factors affecting gene expression Stem Cells Gene Technology (Edexcel) Plant hormones Neurones Action potential Synapse (CCEA) Mammalian vision Muscle contraction Plasma membranes (WJEC) Passive Transport ✈️ Active Transport (WJEC) Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle ⚙️ Lipids and amino acids in respiration Structure of bacteriophage and of HIV Surface area to volume ratio (Edexcel) Cell transport mechanisms ☁️ Gas exchange (Edexcel) Circulation Transport of gases in the blood Transport of materials between the circulatory system and cells Transport in plants (Edexcel) DNA, genes and chromosomes DNA and protein synthesis (AQA) Genetic diversity can arise as a result of mutation or during meiosis Genetic diversity and adaptation Species and taxonomy Biodiversity within a community Investigating diversity Origins of genetic variation Transfer or genetic information Gene Pools (Edexcel) Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins ⚙️ Most of a Cell’s DNA is not Translated Regulation of Transcription and Translation Gene expression and cancer Using genome projects Recombinant DNA Technology Differences in DNA between individuals of the same species can be exploited for identification and diagnosis of heritable conditions Genetic Fingerprinting (AQA) Enzyme structure and action Factors affecting enzyme function Immobilised enzymes in industry ⚙️ Cell Structure Plasma Membranes (CCEA) Microscopy Bacterial classification Culturing microorganisms Optimising and analysing growth Homeostasis Chemical Control in Mammals Chemical Control in Plants Structure and function of the mammalian nervous system Nervous transmission Effects of drugs on the nervous system Detection of light by mammals Control of heart rate in mammals Osmoregulation and temperature regulation The nature of ecosystems Energy transfer through ecosystems Changes in ecosystems Human effects on ecosystems Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis Active Transport (CCEA) ⚙️ ATP (WJEC) DNA Structure (WJEC) DNA Replication (WJEC) The genetic code (WJEC) Polypeptide synthesis and processing Population growth (WJEC) ☘️ Sampling Organisms Ecosystems Biomass transfer Succession (WJEC) Nutrient Cycles (WJEC) Carbon Cycles (WJEC) Nitrogen Cycles (WJEC) Cell Cycle (CCEA) Chromosomes Mitosis (CCEA) Meiosis (CCEA) Cell Cycle (WJEC) Mitosis (WJEC) Meiosis (WJEC) ⚰️ Species Extinction Gene therapy (CCEA) Genome sequencing ⚖️ Ethics and safety of gene technology Inheritance (CCEA) Sex determination and sex linkage Genetic interactions and properties Gene pools (CCEA) Hardy-Weinberg principle (CCEA) Causes of variation (CCEA) Selection (CCEA) Chordata (e.g. cat) body form Integrated pest management Interpreting heart function data Origin of life ⛔ End-product inhibition Training and supplements Instruments and equipment Nervous and hormonal control of digestion ⚕️ Penicillin and tetracycline Fighting viruses Gene pool conservation Agriculture Politics and the environment Planetary boundaries Homeostasis and negative feedback (WJEC) Mammalian kidney structure and function Kidney failure Cell Specialisation ⚙️ Ileum structure and function Absorption by the epithelium Structure and function of a mesophytic leaf Classification of organisms Kingdoms: Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia Genetic fingerprinting (WJEC) Biodiversity (WJEC) Measuring biodiversity and natural selection Adaptation Response to stimuli and the spinal cord Nerve impulses and the motor neurone Synapse (WJEC) Gas Exchange Adaptations Insect and fish gas exchange Human gas exchange Structure of the angiosperm leaf Surface area to volume ratio (CCEA) ✈️ Mass transport (CCEA) ☁️ Gas Exchange (CCEA) Transport in plants (CCEA) Mammalian circulation (CCEA) Mammalian heart Blood and tissue fluid Blood clotting Haemoglobin (CCEA) Ovary, testis, oogenesis and spermatogenesis Menstruation, gestation and lactation Earthworm, insect, fish and mammal vascular systems Mammalian circulation (WJEC) Haemoglobin (WJEC) Tissue fluid Plant transport Adaptation to the environment Population distribution Diversity Amongst Organisms Measuring Diversity Taxonomy The Five Kingdoms Human environmental impact Supporting biodiversity Flowers, pollen and ovules Pollination and double-fertilisation Seed, fruit, germination and the hormone gibberellin Types of nutrition Unicellular nutrition in Amoeba and multicellular nutrition in Hydra Human gut adaptations and digestion Herbivore and carnivore adaptations Parasites (WJEC) Alleles and Mendelian inheritance Chi squared test ✖️ Sex linkage in haemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy Gene mutation in sickle cell anaemia and chromosome mutation in Down’s syndrome ☀️ Mutagens, carcinogens and oncogenes Epigenetics Causes of variation between individuals Gene pool (WJEC) The Hardy-Weinberg principle (WJEC) Speciation and natural selection Population growth (CCEA) Communities and ecosystems Succession (CCEA) Energy transfer (CCEA) Carbon cycle (CCEA) ⛈️ Nitrogen cycle (CCEA) Human Genome Project and its implications PCR, gel electrophoresis and GMOs Genomics, gene therapy and stem cells Pathogens (WJEC) Cholera (WJEC) Tuberculosis Smallpox Influenza Malaria Virus pathogenicity and mode of reproduction ☠️ Antibiotics (WJEC) Immune System (WJEC) Vaccination ⚙️ ATP (CCEA) Aerobic and anaerobic respiration Structure of cartilage Bone components and their function Bone disease Skeletal muscle Sliding filament theory Muscle contraction fuels and conditions The skeleton and fractures Vertebrae and deformities ⚙️ Skeleton function Joint types Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis Joints as levers Synovial joint structure Forelimb muscle action and the role of tendons Overview Light-dependent reaction (CCEA) Light-independent reaction (CCEA) Limiting factors (CCEA) Carbohydrates Speciation (CCEA) Bryophyta (e.g. moss) form and adaptations Tracheophyta (e.g. fern) form Angiosperm (e.g. flowering plant) form and adaptations ⭐ Cnidaria (e.g. Hydra) body form Platyhelminthes (e.g. flatworm) body form Annelida (e.g. earthworm) body form Arthropoda (e.g. insect) body form Patterns of evolution Pollination and fertilisation Research and referencing Visualising DNA with gel electrophoresis Movement and locomotion Culturing media Affinity chromatography Classical and operant conditioning tRNA (Transfer RNA) Age-related vision loss Environmental effects on genes
